The Pedespeed or Pedespeeder

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The **Pedespeed** (also known as the "Pedespeeder" or wheel skates) was a 19th-century personal locomotion device invented in the United States during the Victorian era. It consisted of a pair of small wheeled attachments secured to the feet or boots, functioning as an early precursor to inline skates or roller skates but with a distinctive design that placed a single large wheel beneath each foot rather than multiple smaller wheels in a line.

### History

The Pedespeed was patented on May 4, 1869, by American inventor **Thomas L. Lüders** (sometimes spelled Luders; 1821–1903) of Olney, Illinois, under U.S. Patent No. 89,833. Lüders described it as an improvement over existing velocipedes (early bicycles) and other foot-powered devices, aiming to provide a more graceful and efficient means of personal transport.

Contemporary accounts from 1870 portrayed the invention with considerable enthusiasm. Publications such as the *Australian Town and Country Journal* (July 23, 1870) described it as rendering traditional velocipedes obsolete, likening the experience to adding wheels to one's toes for swift, elegant gliding:

> "If Mercury had wings on his heels, we can add wheels to our toes, and by means of them travel faster than ever the great Olympian pick-pocket did, if not with more grace and elegance. It is said that ladies and gentlemen thus mounted on wheels can glide about the streets and along pathways with perfect ease and considerable velocity, while their progression appears to observers both graceful and elegant."

Similar coverage appeared in *Scientific American* (March 19, 1870) and the *English Mechanic* (1870), highlighting its novelty as a pair of unicycles for foot propulsion. The device emerged during a period of rapid innovation in personal mobility, shortly after the popular "boneshaker" velocipedes and before the widespread adoption of safety bicycles in the 1880s–1890s.

Despite initial publicity, the Pedespeed did not achieve lasting commercial success or widespread adoption. It remained a curiosity of the era, overshadowed by more practical wheeled vehicles.

### Design and function

The Pedespeed featured a large central wheel (typically 12–18 inches in diameter) mounted under a footplate or boot attachment, with stabilizing elements to prevent tipping. Users propelled themselves by striding or skating motions, similar to modern rollerblading or off-road wheel skating. Advertisements and illustrations from the late 1800s emphasized its use on streets and pathways, with claims of speed and elegance surpassing earlier roller skate designs.

Modern reproductions and similar devices exist under names such as **Chariot Skates**, **Wheel Skates**, or **Off-Road Skates**, which retain the single large wheel per foot concept for rougher terrain.

### Legacy

The Pedespeed represents an early attempt to create human-powered wheeled personal transport beyond traditional roller skates or bicycles. While it did not influence mainstream skate or cycling development directly, it is occasionally cited in historical discussions of Victorian-era inventions and the evolution of inline and roller skating technology.

Today, images and accounts of the Pedespeed circulate on social media and history-focused accounts as an example of quirky 19th-century ingenuity, often evoking amusement at its ambitious yet impractical design compared to modern equivalents.

 

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The Battle of Boyd's Creek

OverviewThe Battle of Boyd's Creek was a pivotal engagement during the American Revolutionary War, fought on December 16, 1780, in what is now Sevier County, Tennessee. It pitted a force of East Tennessee settler militiamen, led by Colonel John Sevier, against a large contingent of Cherokee warriors who were resisting white encroachment on their hunting grounds. The battle was part of a broader Cherokee Expedition aimed at protecting frontier settlements from Native American raids, which had intensified while many settlers were away fighting at the Battle of Kings Mountain earlier that year.BackgroundThe area around Boyd's Creek—a tributary of the French Broad River—was named after a Virginian trader killed by Cherokee raiders, whose body was thrown into the stream. By the late 1770s, rapid settlement by European Americans in East Tennessee threatened Cherokee territory, leading to frequent attacks on isolated farms and outposts. In late 1780, with Sevier and other militiamen engaged in the southern theater of the Revolution, Cherokee forces—emboldened by British alliances—launched raids that killed settlers and burned cabins.Upon returning from Kings Mountain in mid-November, Sevier quickly organized a retaliatory expedition. His force, numbering around 200-300 mounted riflemen (primarily Overmountain Men from the Watauga settlements), rendezvoused near the Nolichucky River bend before marching down the valley toward the Cherokee Middle Towns.The BattleSevier's troops advanced to Boyd's Creek, where scouts reported a Cherokee war party of approximately 400-500 warriors under Chief Dragging Canoe (or possibly other leaders) encamped near Cedar Springs. Sevier deployed his men in a tactical formation: a small guard detachment to lure the enemy into an ambush, with the main body positioned to absorb the initial charge while flanking wings enveloped the attackers.The Cherokee rushed forward aggressively but were halted by the settlers' disciplined fire. The flanks closed in, turning the engagement into a rout. The fighting was brief but intense, lasting less than an hour. Sevier's command suffered no fatalities and only minor wounds, while Cherokee losses were heavy—estimated at 30-40 killed outright, with many more wounded or captured. The survivors fled into the surrounding hills, abandoning their camp.Aftermath and SignificanceFollowing the victory, Sevier's force paused to await reinforcements from Colonel Arthur Campbell's Virginia troops before pressing on to destroy several Cherokee villages in the Middle Settlements. This expedition, combined with similar actions by other frontiersmen, weakened Cherokee resistance in the region and secured East Tennessee for further settlement. The battle boosted morale among pioneers and marked Sevier's first major independent command against Native forces, enhancing his reputation as a frontier leader (he later became Tennessee's first governor).No formal treaty resulted immediately, but the campaign contributed to the 1785 Treaty of Hopewell, which ceded more Cherokee lands. The engagement highlighted the brutal frontier warfare of the Revolution, where settler militias often outmatched larger Native forces through superior marksmanship and mobility.LegacyA granite monument, erected in 1927 by the Tennessee Society Sons of the Revolution, stands at the battle site near Sevierville, Tennessee (at the intersection of Boyds Creek Highway and Boyds Creek Church Road). It commemorates the event with the inscription: "This shaft marks the site of the battle of Boyd's Creek Dec. 16, 1780. Gen. John Sevier and his command of East Tennessee pioneers defeated with heavy loss to the enemy a large force of Cherokee Indians."Today, the area is part of a scenic driving tour in the Smoky Mountains, blending history with natural beauty. The nearby Boyds Creek Baptist Church, organized in the late 1700s, ties into the community's post-battle growth. For descendants of participants, records from pension applications often reference the battle as a key event in Revolutionary service.

1. Tennessee Encyclopedia of History and Culture
   • Entry on the Battle of Boyd's Creek, providing details on the engagement, its context within the Revolutionary War, and its impact on Cherokee-settler relations.
   • URL: tennesseeencyclopedia.net
2. Smoky Mountain Historical Society
   • Information on the battle's location, historical significance, and the monument erected in 1927 by the Tennessee Society Sons of the Revolution.
   • URL: smokymountainhistoricalsociety.org
3. National Park Service - Overmountain Victory National Historic Trail
   • Contextual details on the Overmountain Men, John Sevier’s leadership, and the Cherokee Expedition of 1780.
   • URL: nps.gov/ovvi
4. Tennessee Historical Commission
   • Documentation on the battle site and its commemoration, including the granite marker's inscription and location near Sevierville, Tennessee.
   • URL: tn.gov/historicalcommission
5. Sevier County Historical Records
   • Local archives detailing the battle’s aftermath, Sevier’s role, and the growth of settlements like Boyds Creek Baptist Church.
   • Available through Sevier County Library System and Tennessee State Library and Archives.
6. Pension Applications (Revolutionary War)
   • Primary source documents from veterans who referenced participation in the Boyd's Creek engagement, accessible via the National Archives or Fold3.
   • URL: archives.gov or fold3.com
7. Smoky Mountain Driving Tours (Tourism Resources)
   • Information on the battle site as part of historical tours in the Smoky Mountains, mentioning its modern-day accessibility.
   • URL: smokymountains.com